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reference standard?sr與r怎樣換算

reference standard?sr與r怎樣換算

如何在linux suse中配置NTP服務(wù)器在suse上配置ntp$vim/etc/ntp.conf#增加時(shí)間源server192.168.56.1$chkconfig...

如何在linux suse中配置NTP服務(wù)器

在suse上配置ntp

$vim/etc/ntp.conf

#增加時(shí)間源

server192.168.56.1

$chkconfigntpon#在系統(tǒng)重啟時(shí)啟動(dòng)服務(wù)

$servicentpstart#啟動(dòng)ntp

$servicentpstatus#查看ntp狀態(tài)

問題:

1)為什么在故意改了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的時(shí)間,ntpd沒有更新時(shí)間?

如果差異很大,需要重新doinganInitialSynchronization,IfthetimeonthelocalserverisverydifferentfromthatofitsprimarytimeserveryourNTPdaemonwilleventuallyterminateitselfleavinganerrormessageinthe/var/log/messagesfile.Youshouldrunthentpdate-ucommandtoforceyourservertobecomeinstantlysynchronizedwithitsNTPserversbeforestartingtheNTPdaemonforthefirsttime.Thentpdatecommanddoesn'truncontinuouslyinthebackground,youwillstillhavetorunthentpddaemontogetcontinuousNTPupdates.

2)/etc/ntp.conf中選擇主NTPServer

選擇了哪個(gè)server做為主server是按stratum的大小決定的?應(yīng)該不是,由ntp的算法決定,如在virtualbox中的suse怎么樣都無(wú)法選擇外部時(shí)鐘源,ntpd在幾次polltime后算法就決定使用local源,郁悶啊。由于是虛擬機(jī)中運(yùn)行,時(shí)鐘和cpu的頻率有關(guān)系,跳得比真實(shí)的硬件快,在virtaulbox中ntp的算法認(rèn)為local源比外部源更準(zhǔn)確就使用了local的,解決的方法可以去掉local源,只使用外部源或者在crontab中每分鐘執(zhí)行一次ntpdate了。

即使把本機(jī)的stratum設(shè)置為比外部源更高的,過(guò)了一段時(shí)間以后,virtualbox中的suse還是選擇了local,郁悶again

fudge127.127.1.0stratum12#notdisciplined

remoterefidsttwhenpollreachdelayoffsetjitter

==============================================================================

LOCAL(0).LOCL.15l96410.0000.0000.002

192.168.56.1139.114.32.13414u86413.739-53.0450.002

注意最開始的時(shí)候,ip地址前面是沒有符號(hào)的,poll幾次以后ntp就會(huì)選擇一個(gè)主時(shí)間源,前面帶*號(hào)標(biāo)識(shí)。

3)windows上的ntpserver配置

官方ntp.org推薦的win上的ntpserver,http://www.meinberg.de/german/sw/ntp.htm

3)如何知道ntp的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)

使用ntpq命令

$watchntpq-p#可以使用watch命令來(lái)查看一段時(shí)間內(nèi)服務(wù)器各項(xiàng)數(shù)值的變化

使用ntpq命令查看與您同步的服務(wù)器.它提供你一份時(shí)間服務(wù)器配置清單,包括延誤值(delay),偏差值(offset)和抖動(dòng)值(jitter).為了能正確同步,延遲值和偏移值應(yīng)該不為零,抖動(dòng)值(jitter)應(yīng)小于100.

$/usr/local/ntp/bin/ntpq-p

顯示如下:

remoterefidsttwhenpollreachdelayoffsetjitter

========================================================

time.nist.gov.ACTS.1u1606102422357.845334.37571.122

*LOCAL(0).LOCL.10l11643770.0000.0000.001

ntpq-p可以列出目前我們的NTP與相關(guān)的上層NTP的狀態(tài),幾個(gè)字段的意義為:

remote:亦即是NTP主機(jī)的IP或主機(jī)名稱啰~注意最左邊的符號(hào),http://www.ece.udel.edu/~mills/ntp/html/decode.html#peer

*

它告訴我們遠(yuǎn)端的服務(wù)器已經(jīng)被確認(rèn)為我們的主NTPServer,我們系統(tǒng)的時(shí)間將由這臺(tái)機(jī)器所提供

+

它將作為輔助的NTPServer和帶有*號(hào)的服務(wù)器一起為我們提供同步服務(wù).當(dāng)*號(hào)服務(wù)器不可用時(shí)它就可以接管

-

遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)器被clusteringalgorithm認(rèn)為是不合格的NTPServer

x

遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)器不可用

refid:參考的上一層NTP主機(jī)的地址

st:stratum階層

when:幾秒鐘前曾經(jīng)做過(guò)時(shí)間同步化更新的動(dòng)作;

poll:下一次更新在幾秒鐘之后;

reach:已經(jīng)向上層NTP服務(wù)器要求更新的次數(shù)

delay:網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸過(guò)程當(dāng)中延遲的時(shí)間,單位為10^(-6)秒

offset:時(shí)間補(bǔ)償?shù)慕Y(jié)果,單位與10^(-6)秒

jitter:Linux系統(tǒng)時(shí)間與BIOS硬件時(shí)間的差異時(shí)間,單位為10^(-6)秒。

也可以檢查一下BIOS時(shí)間與Linux系統(tǒng)時(shí)間的差異,就是/var/lib/ntp/drift的內(nèi)容,就能了解到Linux系統(tǒng)時(shí)間與BIOS硬件時(shí)鐘到底差多久?單位為10^(-6)秒

下面的從http://www.meinberg.de/english/info/ntp.htm上摘下來(lái)的,詳細(xì)說(shuō)明了ntpq-p輸出的每個(gè)列的意思,reach列為377表示前8次同步都成功。

CheckingtheNTPStatus

ThecommandlineutilityntpqcanbeusedtocheckthestatusofaNTPdaemononeitherthelocalmachineoronaremotehost.

ntpqcanberuninaninteractivemodeorinbatchmode.Inbatchmode,ntpqexecutesacommandandreturnstothecommandprompt.Theparameter-p('peers')letsntpqprintthestatusofaNTPdaemon.Enter

ntpq-p

todisplaythestatusofthedaemononthelocalmachine,or

ntpq-pntp_server

todisplaythestatusofthedaemonontheremotehostntp_server.ThecommandshouldprintatablewithonestatuslineforeachreferencetimesourcewhichhasbeenconfiguredfortheNTPdaemononthespecifiedhost:

remoterefidsttwhenpollreachdelayoffsetjitter

=======================================================================

LOCAL(0)LOCAL(0)12l30643770.0000.0000.000

*GENERIC(0).DCFa.0-24643770.0000.0500.003

+172.16.3.103.PPS.1u36643771.306-0.0190.043

ThetableaboveshowstheoutputforaNTPdaemonwhichhas3referencetimesources:itsownlocalclock,aDCF77radioclockasrefclock-0,plusanNTPdaemononthenetwork,withIPaddress172.16.3.103.

Ifthefirstcharacterofalineisnotblankthenitcontainsaqualifierforthecorrespondingreferencetimesource.Immediatelyafterthedaemonhasbeenstartedallqualifiersareblank.TheNTPdaemonneedsseveralpollingcyclestochecktheavailabletimesourcesanddeclareoneofthemasthereferenceitsynchronizesto.

Anasterisk*inthefirstcolumnmarksthereferencetimesourcewhichiscurrentlypreferredbytheNTPdaemon,the+charactermarkshighqualitycandidatesforthereferencetimewhichcouldbeusedifthecurrentlyselectedreferencetimesourceshouldbecomeunavailable.

ThecolumnremotedisplaystheIPaddressorthehostnameofthereferencetimesource,whereLOCALreferstothelocalclock.Therefidshowsthetypeofthereferenceclock,wheree.g.LOCALorLCLreferstothelocalclockagain,.DCFa.referstoastandardDCF77timesource,and.PPS.indicatesthatthereferenceclockisdisciplinedbyahardwarepulse-per-secondsignal.Otheridentifiersarepossible,dependingonthetypeofthereferenceclock.

Thecolumnstreflectsthestratumnumberofthereferencetimesource.Intheexampleabove,thelocalclockhasstratum12,theremotetimeserverat172.16.3.103hasstratum1whichisthebestyoucanseeacrossthenetwork,andthelocalradioclockhasstratum0,sotheradioclockiscurrentlybeingpreferred.

Everytimeawhencountreachesthepollnumberinthesameline,theNTPdaemonqueriesthetimefromthecorrespondingtimesourceandresetsthewhencountto0.Thequeryresultsofeachpollingcyclearefilteredandusedasameasurefortheclock'squalityandreachability.

Thecolumnreachshowsifareferencetimesourcecouldbereachedatthelastpollingintervals,i.e.datacouldbereadfromthereferencetimesource,andthereferencetimesourcewassynchronized.Thevaluemustbeinterpretedasan8bitshiftregisterwhosecontentsisforhistoricalreasonsdisplayedasoctalvalues.IftheNTPdaemonhasjustbeenstarted,thevalueis0.Eachtimeaquerywassuccessfula'1'isshiftedinfromtheright,soafterthedaemonhasbeenstartedthesequenceofreachnumbersis0,1,3,7,17,37,77,177,377.Themaximumvalue377meansthattheeightlastquerieswerecompletedsuccessfully.

Queriesareconsideredsuccessfulifdatacanbereceivedfromthetimesource,andthetimesourceinturnclaimstobesynchronizedtosomeothertimesource.Incaseofahardwarereferenceclockthismeansthequeryconsideredunsuccessfulifthehardwarereferenceclockisnotsynchronizedtoitsincomingtimesignal,e.g.becausetheclock'santennahasbeendisconnected,orifnodatacanbereceivede.g.becausetheserialcabletoanexternaldevicehasbeendisconnected.

TheNTPdaemonmusthavereachedareferencetimesourceseveraltimes(reachnot0)beforeitselectsapreferredtimesourceandputsanasteriskinthefirstcolumn.

Thecolumnsdelay,offsetandjittershowsometimingvalueswhicharederivedfromthequeryresults.Insomeversionsofntpqthelastcolumnislabeleddisp(fordispersion)insteadofjitter.Allvaluesareininmilliseconds.Thedelayvalueisderivedfromtheroundtriptimeofthequeries.Theoffsetvalueshowsthedifferencebetweenthereferencetimeandthesystemclock.Thejittervalueindicatesthemagnitudeofjitterbetweenseveraltimequeries.

nrv食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)算公式

計(jì)算NRV百分比的公式為,食物中某營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的含量÷該營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的參考值×100%=NRV%,如每100g餅干中有9g蛋白質(zhì),而參考值的蛋白質(zhì)含量在60g,所以經(jīng)計(jì)算NRV%=15%。

營(yíng)養(yǎng)參考值NRV,是用來(lái)比較預(yù)包裝食品標(biāo)簽上營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分含量多少的參考值。但在參考時(shí),通常會(huì)將NRV計(jì)算成百分比的方式,因此NRV%代表食品中能量和營(yíng)養(yǎng)素含量占每天推薦營(yíng)養(yǎng)素參考值的百分比,可以當(dāng)做每日營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝入的參考。

在商品的營(yíng)養(yǎng)表中,營(yíng)養(yǎng)參考值NRV代表食物中每100g或每100mg所含的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分,主要包括脂類、蛋白質(zhì)、無(wú)機(jī)鹽、水、糖類、膳食纖維和維生素這7類人體所需重要營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。其為維持人體正常的生理機(jī)能和物質(zhì)組成最重要的元素,一般攝入體內(nèi)后,經(jīng)過(guò)消化系統(tǒng)可以被細(xì)胞吸收并運(yùn)往身體各處,從而維持人體的正常生命活動(dòng)。

sr與r怎樣換算

SR(StandardReference)和R(Richter)是兩種地震震級(jí)的測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),它們之間沒有直接的換算關(guān)系。它們分別用于不同的地震測(cè)量系統(tǒng)。

Richter震級(jí)是一種傳統(tǒng)的地震測(cè)量方法,根據(jù)地震波振幅的對(duì)數(shù)來(lái)計(jì)算震級(jí)。它通常用于測(cè)量較小的地震,其范圍通常在0到9之間。

而SR震級(jí)是一種改進(jìn)的地震測(cè)量方法,基于更先進(jìn)的地震監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)和更廣泛的地震數(shù)據(jù)。它提供了更準(zhǔn)確和一致的地震測(cè)量結(jié)果。

由于SR和R是基于不同的測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和計(jì)算方法,它們之間沒有簡(jiǎn)單的換算關(guān)系。如果你有特定的地震數(shù)據(jù)或事件,最好參考專業(yè)地震學(xué)家或地震監(jiān)測(cè)機(jī)構(gòu)提供的相關(guān)信息來(lái)獲取準(zhǔn)確的震級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)。