審題，是托福獨(dú)立寫作的第一步，只有搞清楚作文題目是什么意思，才能開(kāi)始正確答題，然而有許多同學(xué)還沒(méi)弄清到底要去論證什么，就想著如何寫出漂亮的句子和高級(jí)的詞匯。這也是為什么很多同學(xué)雖然作文寫出來(lái)的句子很漂亮，但最后的作文分?jǐn)?shù)卻不高。那今天通過(guò)列舉以往考過(guò)的真題進(jìn)行解析，告訴大家如何審題，拿到更高的分?jǐn)?shù)。

　　審題誤區(qū)NO.1 忽略關(guān)鍵詞

　　可能同學(xué)們對(duì)獨(dú)立寫作的題型已經(jīng)很熟悉，所以在看題目的時(shí)候，題目還沒(méi)看完，就開(kāi)始提筆寫作?？赡芫蜁?huì)導(dǎo)致題目看地過(guò)快，而忽略了某些關(guān)鍵詞。例如：

　　例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people's unhealthy eating habits。

　　看到這個(gè)題目，一般同學(xué)們都會(huì)想有沒(méi)有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三條如：1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets"; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever. 綜上所述，advertising is not the only cause。

　　這個(gè)寫法看起來(lái)非常完整，但其實(shí)犯了一個(gè)不起眼卻嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤--題目不是要我們證明it is not the only cause，而是要我們?nèi)プC明it is not the only main cause。多一個(gè)"main"，意思是很不一樣的。如果我們只需要證明it is not the only cause，那么找出other causes即可。但是，如果我們要證明it is not the only main cause，就需要證明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，這就需要在每一段中加上一些專門的說(shuō)明。或者，更簡(jiǎn)單的辦法是去證明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising與該段所論述的unhealthy eating habit無(wú)關(guān)的論述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the only main cause? 這樣一來(lái)，就不用通過(guò)證明還有其他main cause來(lái)反駁了，事實(shí)上，證明某種cause是main cause還是挺有難度的，因此推薦同學(xué)們用后一種方式進(jìn)行論述。文章還是disagree，而三段的主題句分別應(yīng)該是：1、1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets", and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertising encourages them to do so。

　　例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working。

　　看到這個(gè)題目，很多同學(xué)會(huì)可能會(huì)這樣寫：Agree. 1. Students should take more specialized courses in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接著開(kāi)始論述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性)； 2.Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接著開(kāi)始論述，如果沒(méi)有實(shí)過(guò)習(xí)，在工作的時(shí)候是多么地feel so unprepared)； 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接著開(kāi)始論述good social skills對(duì)職業(yè)和生活的幫助)。如果不看括號(hào)里的內(nèi)容，僅看主題句，這篇文章是沒(méi)有任何問(wèn)題的。然而，括號(hào)中的論述從嚴(yán)格意義上來(lái)講，是不能支 持"more"這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子："我們需要錢"和"我們需要更多錢"在證明的時(shí)候重點(diǎn)是不一樣的。如果證明"我們需要錢"，應(yīng)該詳細(xì)闡述錢的"不可或缺性"，比如生活、學(xué)習(xí)、教育都需要錢；但是如果證明"我們需要更多錢"，重點(diǎn)則應(yīng)該放在"錢不夠"的論述上，證明在學(xué)習(xí)、生 活、教育方面的預(yù)算都很緊張。同樣地，上面的題目中僅僅證明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不夠的，事實(shí)上，這些根本不需要證明，需要證明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此這篇文章應(yīng)該是一篇"抱怨型"的文章，詳細(xì)地去論述學(xué)校工作的不足。參考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills。

　　審題誤區(qū)NO.2 誤解關(guān)鍵詞

　　與忽略關(guān)鍵詞的不同，有些同學(xué)過(guò)于執(zhí)著于關(guān)鍵詞的字面意思，而沒(méi)能看出其背后的implication，從而被關(guān)鍵詞限制住思路，無(wú)法下筆。 比起忽略關(guān)鍵詞，這種錯(cuò)誤更常發(fā)生在細(xì)心且實(shí)力不錯(cuò)的同學(xué)身上，也很值得大家注意。建議同學(xué)們?cè)趯懳恼碌臅r(shí)候要靈活，不要拘泥于關(guān)鍵詞的字面意思，否則理由很不好想，就算想出來(lái)也很難用英文表達(dá)。例如：

　　例3：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education。

　　題目的意思是說(shuō)，比起投資大學(xué)教育，政府應(yīng)該在小學(xué)教育上投入更多的資金?？吹竭@個(gè)題，同學(xué)們會(huì)有不同的看法，大體來(lái)講無(wú)非是兩種--認(rèn)為 university education應(yīng)該花更多的錢或反之。但是，大家很快會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)證明任何一種觀點(diǎn)都是不容易的。比如說(shuō)，有些同學(xué)可能會(huì)這樣寫：Agree. 1. Elementary school education involves more students than university education and it requires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors than elementary schools so that the government should offer more financial support for the latter。3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of university education, it deserves more money from the government。

　　上面的主題句看起來(lái)是沒(méi)有問(wèn)題的，然而在展開(kāi)的時(shí)候困難重重--第一個(gè)點(diǎn)里說(shuō)小學(xué)生的數(shù)量多所以花錢多，這的確是事實(shí)，可是小學(xué)生人均所需要的經(jīng)費(fèi)卻肯定比university students少，最關(guān)鍵的是，我們并沒(méi)有數(shù)據(jù)作為支撐；第二點(diǎn)里說(shuō)校友或社會(huì)人士的支持使得大學(xué)在財(cái)政方便面比小學(xué)要寬裕的多，然而，這還是一個(gè)沒(méi)有數(shù)據(jù)就無(wú)法證明的觀點(diǎn)；第三點(diǎn)里說(shuō)elementary school education是university education的基礎(chǔ)所以前者就應(yīng)當(dāng)比后者得到更多的預(yù)算，這是一個(gè)典型的邏輯錯(cuò)誤， A是B的基礎(chǔ)并不意味著要為A花更多的錢?？傊绻娴囊藻X的多少來(lái)寫這道題，在沒(méi)有數(shù)據(jù)支持的情況下是很難成文的。這種題目該怎么寫呢？找到money后面的 implication很重要。其實(shí)，題目并不是要我們?nèi)ビ懻撃姆N教育應(yīng)該花更多的錢，而是讓我們?nèi)?duì)比兩種教育的重要性，自然地，更加重要的教育就應(yīng)該花更多的錢。所以我們可以有以下論述：

　　(Main idea)I cannot agree that the government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education, because they are equally important。

　　(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children for college education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed to learn. 2. University education helps students to be ready for the competitive job market by equippingthem with excellent knowledge for jobs and good communication skills。

　　(Conclusion) Since elementary school education and university education are both indispensable and irreplaceable parts of our lifelong education and they complete each other, it would be rigid to say that anyone of them deserves more money than the other。

　　其實(shí)，審題僅僅是寫作考試的第一步，在這之后還有理由構(gòu)思、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)等一系列步驟。后面如果有問(wèn)題，再為同學(xué)們講解。

　　最后，附上范文一篇(例2)，供同學(xué)們參考。

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working。

　　Colleges and universities are the very places where students prepare themselves for the competitive job market. They can take specialized courses, and they can participate in internships, and they can also attend club activities. Although universities and colleges have done much for students, there is still more they can do。

　　Many students today complain that their specialized courses cannot satisfy their need for practical skills and knowledge for specific careers. The enrollment of colleges and universities in my country has been increased considerably over the past decades, but the quality and the quantity of teachers and professors are not improved that much. Many newly graduated students without any field experience joined faculties due to the lack of teachers, and students find it hard to learn anything more than what their text books contain. Many students are disappointed by teachers who know nothing but reading books. Colleges and universities really should spend more money on hiring experienced and qualified teachers to teach specialized courses, providing students with what they really desire。

　　Internships and club activities provide students with chances to practice their social skills, but internships are always too short and club activities are not always available to all students. My sister is now a junior in university and she only had a two months' internship during her summer vacation. She complained that since the internship was too short, the company did not take it seriously and she was required to do nothing but buying coffee or ordering meals on the phone and she seldom had chances to communicate with colleagues or clients. Club activities are only available to active students who attend "active clubs" like Student Union, and member of other clubs seldom have opportunities to organized activities due to their shortage of money, resources, and even authorization. Universities and colleges should allow students more time for internships and pay equal attention to all clubs instead of supporting the Student Union only。

　　University students today are very lucky to have opportunities to increase their knowledge of their challenges in the future, but they are still not fully prepared. Measures should be taken if colleges and universities aim to have them well prepared for the fierce competition ahead。

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